Webley and Scott .455 Revolver By David Tong The British, notably along with the Americans and Russians, became enamored with the large bore revolver for issuance to cavalry troops, officers and other combatants unable to wield a rifle due to table of organization doctrines of the time. Philip Webley & Son were the makers of a series of large frame, double action revolvers that served the Empire well, replacing arms produced by the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield Lock. (The firm later merged with W & C Scott in 1897 and the resultant company became Webley and Scott.) They made both solid-frame (gate loading), as well as top break designs that featured simultaneous ejection of empty cases, much like the earlier Smith & Wesson Russian and Schofield revolvers. After
the close of Samuel Colt�s English factory in 1857, Webley saw a marketing
opportunity to offer what they considered a superior product and the company
started producing these revolvers at about the same time as the U.S. Army
adopted the Colt Single Action Army (SAA) .45. They thus were already
technologically more advanced in providing for trigger cocking so early in the
development of cartridge revolvers. Most of these revolvers already featured
the top-break design, which is far faster to extract and reload than the
extremely slow gate loaded (and unloaded) SAA. The
British Army was unusual in that it required officers to supply their own
sidearms and these were ordinarily the officer�s only armament. The notion was
that officers should concern themselves with leading troops, not necessarily
shooting as combatants. However, the need to police the Empire meant that the
rapid development of .455 - .476 caliber revolvers for close quarters combat
proceeded with haste. In
1887, the military trials to replace the gate-loaded Enfield handguns caused
the adoption of the 4� barreled Mk. I .455 Webley. It was the first of six
sub-variations. The revolver underwent further development, including changes
to the butt shape, improvements in metallurgy, heat treatment of many
components and changes in barrel length as a result of combat use. The
cartridge also changed over time. Most of the rounds contained lead round-nosed,
flat point bullets weighing 265 grains. The earliest Mk. I rounds were charged
with black powder, although this was replaced with Cordite smokeless powder
strands before the turn of the century. One interesting development was a 218 grain
cylindrically shaped bullet with hollowed ends. The base cavity obturated in
the barrel for gas seal, while the cup point was to provide expansion. While
this cartridge was intended for police, civilian and colonial use, this
�Manstopper� round was banned by the Hague Convention of 1899. The British
government duly changed the bullet to a full metal jacketed round nose design.
Standard muzzle velocity (MV) of most of the rounds was approximately 650 fps, although
the last Mk. VI FMJ was purportedly driven to a leisurely 700 fps. The
round was one of the participants during the 1904 Thompson-La Garde ammunition
trials for the U.S. Army. The .455 round was deemed somewhat better than the
SAAs .45 Colt cartridge though I cannot fathom why, as it drives its bullets
some 30% slower. Perhaps Thompson and La Garde bought into the British notion
of �dwell time energy transfer� more than either the kinetic energy theory or
the more modern view of enhanced penetration with expansion, but agreed that
�no less than .45 calibre� was mandatory for a sidearm with a non-expanding
bullet. The
actual subject of this article is the most produced version, the Mk. VI, and
shooting impressions comments are from my brother, who owns it. Adopted in 1915
during WWI, it replaced but did not entirely supplant the earlier Mk. IV, the
so-called �Boer War� model of 1899. Produced using heat treated and
casehardened steel and upgraded smaller components, it served through WWI in
great numbers. Some general specifications of the Webley Revolvers (all Marks):
There are several noteworthy design features. First is the fitment of larger than average sights, with plenty of light showing around the front sight, to ease rapid aiming. These square post and notch sights were far better than any other handgun of the era. Second, the automatic and simultaneous extraction and ejection feature means that the Webley .455, despite quibbles about its anemic stopping power, was perhaps the finest military combat revolver ever produced. It could be loaded with a stamped steel early �speedloader� device, so this was faster than even our own Models of 1917 Colt and Smith & Wesson revolvers using issue �half-moon� clips. Third, the design was rugged and withstood abuse and dirt better than its contemporaries. Fourth, there is a pair of triangular wings ahead of the cylinder worn by most of the British service revolvers. These were to ease re-holstering in the issue flap holster, just a reminder of the thoughtfulness that went into the piece. The
stocks and butt shape were better than any of its contemporaries. There is no
need for aftermarket grips or a Tyler T-Grip adapter, as the butt is
comfortable in stock form. Cleaning the barrel/cylinder gap was easier than any other revolver, because the design incorporated beveled surfaces adjacent to the integral barrel shank and top strap. This also allowed a lot more powder residue to collect before that cleaning was required. Unlike a swing-out cylinder design, the Webley like all top-breaks have a cylinder and barrel in unit so alignment is potentially more accurate. Finally, the revolver benefited by not requiring much in the way of hand-fitting in mass production under wartime exigencies. There are issues, as there are in all designs. The top break design is considered weaker than a solid-frame one. This is surely correct if truly high-intensity cartridges are to be used, or if the lock and the hinge areas on both frame and barrel/top strap are not of proper heat treatment. The .455 round operated at an average MAP of only 14,000psi, so it didn�t detract from the overall durability of the revolver. The
design uses a number of U-shaped leaf springs to power various parts, some even
externally mounted, and these are potentially more failure prone than coil
springs. While there is no disputing this in theory, in reality parts breakage
is rare and the design proved robust. The
barrel, top strap and the cylinder�s rotation boss are one piece and damage to
any of them would render the piece �hors de combat.� Compared to a
swing-out cylinder design, whose individual parts could be replaced by a
depot-level armorer, this is a major consideration, especially for a privately
purchased arm where parts inventory would be an issue, as in the case of the
Boer War. Even
as a big-bore devotee, I have marked reservations about a .45 caliber round with
a MV of only 700 fps, though there haven�t been a glut of reports that the round
failed to do its job adequately. Chalk that up to a lack of documentation
either way. However,
on the face of later evidence, a .38 caliber 176 grain or 200 grain FMJ round
moving at about the same speed doesn�t appear to be an improvement, especially
when the primary reason for the .455�s replacement by the Enfield No. 2 .38/200
revolver was supposed to be the .455s recoil, which is mild by modern
standards. The
design, while accurate enough for 2�-3� groups at 25 yards, is not as good as
American-made revolvers capable of 2� or better with service ammunition. I
wonder how much difference this makes in practice. The double-action trigger
pull is certainly sub-standard by today�s commercial standards. I can only
opine that the M1917 Colt New Service in .45 ACP and Russian Nagant 7.62mm
M1891 were even worse. The Webley revolvers, as well as their Enfield No. 2 .38
British caliber replacements, were in turn removed from service only in 1963 by
the adoption of the P-35 Hi-Power in 9x19mm. Shooting
it provides no surprises. My brother reports that felt recoil is akin to
shooting .38 Special standard pressure loads in an N-framed Smith & Wesson
and the sights are well-regulated. The single-action pull is crisp, if heavier
than we�d like. Extraction and ejection are both also crisp, positive and far
less clumsy than using a conventional swing-out cylinder with its separate
extractor/ejector rod. At
the same time, the limited cartridge case capacity and the lack of appropriate
diameter JHP bullets means that the Mk. VI is going to be shot as a historical
trinket and not in anger. It�s also too darn big for a carry piece, but it
would work in a nightstand drawer. Too bad, I sort of like the beast. �Beast� is right. It is certainly no thing of beauty. I liken it to the Glock of today. It is an inelegant, ugly tool, to perform an ugly job. It works and caliber .455 revolvers served Britain for sixty years with distinction in both World Wars and even in Korea, after it had been officially withdrawn from service. Hornady has even tooled up to produce 265 grain LRN ammo for it now, so they and the Italian firm of Fiocchi (Mk. II 262 grain LRN) can keep these old beasts shooting for we Luddites that (mostly) prefer our arms designed before 1920! |
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